Which of the following is a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease?

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a significant risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD). It contributes to the deterioration of kidney function in several ways. First, it can cause damage to the blood vessels, including those that supply blood to the kidneys. Over time, this damage reduces the kidneys' ability to filter waste and excess fluids from the blood effectively. Chronic hypertension increases the workload on the kidneys, which can lead to the development of scarring and fibrosis, further impairing kidney function.

In contrast, high physical activity and regular hydration are generally associated with better health outcomes and do not contribute to the risk of CKD. Physical activity can help maintain a healthy body weight and improve cardiovascular health, which can actually reduce the risk of hypertension. Similarly, staying well-hydrated supports kidney function by helping the kidneys effectively eliminate waste products. Low cholesterol levels are typically linked to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease, and while extreme cases of low cholesterol can indicate underlying health issues, they are not directly associated with an increased risk of CKD. Therefore, hypertension stands out as a critical and modifiable risk factor that necessitates careful management to help prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease.