What complications arise from nephrotoxicity?

Nephrotoxicity refers to the harmful effects that substances can have on the kidneys, particularly due to medications or toxins. The correct answer highlights how nephrotoxicity can result in decreased urine output and kidney damage.

When the kidneys are exposed to nephrotoxic agents, their ability to function properly is compromised. This can lead to a reduced capacity to filter waste products and excess fluid from the blood, resulting in a decrease in urine output. Moreover, if the exposure is significant or prolonged, it can cause structural damage to kidney cells, leading to acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. The interplay of these factors often results in measurable declines in kidney function.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately represent the consequences of nephrotoxicity. Increased ability to filter blood suggests enhanced kidney function, which is contrary to what nephrotoxicity causes. Enhanced immune response and improved metabolic function imply a strengthening or bettering of physiological processes, which do not occur as a result of kidney impairment. Nephrotoxicity typically leads to adverse effects rather than improvements in these areas.